INTRODUCTION:

Phenomenological approach examine conscious, experienced human experiences, phenomenology aims to comprehend the essence and significance of human life via individual perceptions and experiences.¹ It looks into ordinary events to find meaning and insight that comes naturally from people's thoughts, emotions, and perceptions of a certain phenomenon.^2,3 This method calls for a thorough comprehension of individual viewpoints and subjective interpretations.⁴

Phenomenological investigation explores the core of the human experience by examining the dynamic interaction between external manifestations and internal awareness, which is where meanings, memories, and images come together.

The phenomenological approach is predicated on the following presumptions:

· No prior notions of reality or truth.

· Reality-based truths based on people's personal experiences

· Human experiences are fascinating and meaningful

· People actively interact with the world and reflect their interactions^5,6,7

Phenomenological study explores persons lived, personal experiences to learn more about how they perceive, interpret, and give meaning to these events. By employing this technique, researchers set aside their previous notions about the phenomenon they are studying. Eight categories of phenomenological research.^8,9

Types of phenomenological study:

1. Hermeneutic: Hermeneutic phenomenology stresses the significance of comprehending the meaning of experiences within their social and cultural environment by focusing on meaning through context and interaction.^5,10

2. For instance, in order to better understand how people with chronic illnesses live their lives, researchers used a hermeneutic circle approach to analyse interview data in a study on the lived experience of chronic illnesses^11,12

3. Transcendental: Transcendental phenomenology is the study of subjective experiences that looks into the fundamental structures of consciousness and aims to comprehend the basic relationship between the self and the outside world. Its method focuses on examining people's lived experiences in order to determine their essence and significance^13,14,15By focusing on the innate structures of consciousness that influence human experience, researchers aim to put prejudices and preconceptions aside. For instance, a study on the Experience of Time in Depression employed a transcendental phenomenological approach, which included putting aside naturalistic presumptions about time in order to investigate how people with depression perceive time.¹⁶

4. Existential:The focus of existential phenomenology is on comprehending human life via lived experience, autonomy, accountability, embodiment, and social connections. This method analyzes the significance of events within the context of the individual's surroundings in addition to describing them.^13,17 For instance, a study that focused on the existence, autonomy, and accountability of participants in the lived experience of chronic pain. In order to understand how participants battled to keep control of their life and find meaning in the midst of suffering, the study looked at how they perceived their pain as a threat to their survival.¹⁸

5. Constitutive: The study of how social reality is created and preserved by social interactions and communication is known as constitutive phenomenology.^19,20 The phenomenological approach, for instance, sought to investigate the lived experience of dementia by emphasizing how the participants' experiences were formed by their interactions with the outside world. The researcher sought to better understand the form and significance

6. of the experiences of people with dementia by looking at the constitutive processes that influence those experiences.²¹

Data Collection:

Bentz and Shapiro (1998) emphasize that phenomenology involves obtaining complex, contextual descriptions of phenomena and that researchers should allow "the data to emerge organically.” ²²

Data collection and interpretation take place simultaneously in phenomenological research with the goal of illuminating particular experiences and revealing the phenomena as experienced by people in a particular setting. In order to capture how participants see and interpret the occurrences, the emphasis is on subjective experience and individual insight.²³

Techniques for gathering data:

Table no. 1: Data Collection Techniques:

S. No.	Method	Types
1.	Interview	a. Structured interview b. Unstructured interview c. Semi-structured interviews d. In-depth interview e. Focused group interview f. Telephone interview
2.	Observation	a. Participant Observation b. Non-Participant Observation c. Structured Observation d. Unstructured Observation
3.	Visual methodology	a. Auto photography b. Photo elicitation
4.	Record and review

1. Interview: According to Nicolaides, participants were able to discuss and analyse how they individually experienced and comprehended their encounters with ambiguity through "deep and vulnerable" interactions. Through these discussions, the participants and the researcher were able to have shared experiences, which resulted in productive joint attempts to analyse the experience.^24,25

a. Directive interview: Another name for structured interview. As the data is collected consistently, this form of interview may be more dependable since the researcher has a prepared list of questions, a thorough plan for conducting the interview, and limited freedom to stray from the questions.^26,²¹

b. Unstructured interview: Also referred to as an open-ended or in-depth interview. This approach allows the question to be modified to fit the respondent's knowledge, beliefs, and level of intelligence. Open-ended questions, a flexible methodology, and in-depth investigation are all arranged by the researcher for this kind of interview, which is mostly conducted to collect qualitative data. ^27,28,29,³⁰

c. Semi-structured interviews: This adaptable technique enables the raising of new questions during the interview, contingent on the circumstances, and permits the gathering of both qualitative and quantitative data.^31,32,33

d. Focused group interview: This unstructured interviewing method involves gathering six to ten participants under the supervision of a skilled interviewer to concentrate on a particular phenomenon. The moderator asks open-ended questions to participants with varying viewpoints and experiences.^34,35,36

e. Telephone interview: This non-personal method of gathering data involves calling respondents directly. It enables researchers to gather data remotely, has standardized questions to guarantee consistency, and involves real-time communication between participants and researchers. It is also cost-effective, time-efficient, and more accessible.^19,37,38,39 Michael Davis et al. investigated the effect of social isolation on older individuals' mental health through telephone interviews.⁴⁰

2. Observation: From a phenomenological point of view, observation provides a more profound comprehension than an objective, third-person point of view. Through observation, researchers become sensitive to the physical manifestations of an individual's inner experience, including their emotions, intentions, and wants. In order to better grasp the participant's subjective experience, this method necessitates combining self-reflective statements with observable data.^41,42

a. Structured Observation: In this technique, the researcher observes and documents particular behaviours or occurrences by following a predefined checklist or methodology.^43,44,45

b. Unstructured Observation: This approach, which includes an open-ended exploration technique, a focus on lived experiences, and an emphasis on detailed descriptions of participants' experiences, behaviours, and interactions, entails the researcher watching and documenting behaviours or events without following a set checklist or protocol.^10, ^{14,46,47,48,49,50}

c. Participant Observation: In this approach, the researcher takes notes and gathers data while also taking part in the activity or environment being watched. By immersing themselves in a social environment, the researcher observes behaviours and develops a profound grasp of the group's culture, beliefs, and practices from an insider's viewpoint.^51,52

In aspect of participant observation there are 4 sub types are as followed:

1. Complete Participant: Without disclosing their research goals, the researcher actively engages with the group or organization under study^53,54

2. Participant-As-Observer: In addition to taking notes and freely gathering data, the researcher actively engages in the group or organization.^55,56

3. Observer-As-Participant: Although the researcher may take part in some activities, their primary role is to watch the group or organization.^57,58

4. Complete Observer: The researcher watches the organization or group without taking part in any activity.^59,60

d. Non-Participant Observation: In this approach, the researcher watches the situation or activity without taking part in it. Researchers emphasize descriptive accuracy and steer clear of preconceived preconceptions in focus on actual behaviour^{61, 62}

3. Visual methodology: A group of techniques for deciphering and interpreting pictures is known as visual methodology. Auto photography and photo elicitation are two powerful visual approaches that might be applied to health studies.

a. Auto photography: This method involves asking participants to snap pictures of their surroundings, then utilizing the images as real data. Through following knowledge generation, it depicts the world through the eyes of the participants.^63,64

b. Photo elicitation: This technique involves employing images or other visual aids to elicit verbal conversation during an interview in order to produce information and knowledge. Through member verification, it adds credibility and rigor to the results.^65,66

4. Record and review: According to phenomenological research, documents are made up of expressions—written items with meaning that constitute assertion expressions—that are not only meaningful but also point to or make reference to object⁶⁷

In a phenomenological investigation, there are a few fundamental stages to document and go over:

1. Take field notes: While gathering data, note observations, discussions, and insights.

2. Transcribe recordings: Convert audio and video recordings into text.

3. Clean and organize data: Examine, tidy, and arrange data in preparation for analysis.

4. Member checking: Validate data accuracy with participants.^{68, 6}⁹

Concerns in Data Collection in Phenomenology:

1. Trustworthiness: Yin (2014) asserts that establishing a chain of evidence and triangulating data are key components of trustworthy research. This entails utilizing a variety of data sources in order to record a range of viewpoints, actions, and attitudes.¹⁰Credibility in research guarantees that participants' opinions, emotions, and behaviors are accurately represented. In order to improve the validity and reliability of the results, researchers must be credible by admitting their own biases, talking about their possible effects, and outlining how they will be reduced.¹To continue to be effectively trustworthy.⁷⁰Table No. 03 provides the Guba's trustworthiness criterion scale, which is being employed.

2. Ethical consideration: According to the International Centre for Medical Education and Research, the ethical considerations in phenomenological studies are: beneficence to ensure that participants benefit from the research or are not exposed to unnecessary risks; justice to ensure that participants are selected fairly and that the research is conducted in a way that respects their rights and dignity; non-maleficence to ensure that researchers do not cause harm or embarrassment to participants; and respect for persons, which requires the researcher to respect participants' autonomy, dignity, and rights; obtain informed consent, which entails explaining the study's purpose, risks, and benefits; and maintain confidentiality and anonymity to prevent harm or embarrassment.^71,72,73

3. Informed consent: For biological and health research involving individuals, voluntarily written informed consent is necessary. The permission form has to be easy to read and comprehend and contain the following information: Possible risks and advantages, period of time for secrecy, Contact details, statement on voluntary involvement, Rights of refusal and withdrawal. Potential damage must be taken into account, participants must be shielded from danger, and researchers must refrain from lying or concealing information (or, if required, debriefing individuals).^21,^74,75

4. Confidentiality: Saunders, Kitzinger, and Kitzinger (2014) noted that it might be difficult to preserve anonymity in research, particularly in small settings or with particular populations. In order to overcome this, researchers identify groups—rather than individuals—using alphanumeric coding schemes. Data security is another aspect of confidentiality, in addition to name protection. Informed permission forms should be kept apart from data, identifying information should be removed after publishing, and rigorous data management is necessary to guarantee participant confidentiality and anonymity. ^{21, 76, 77}

Data Saturation:

When no new themes or information emerge from the data, it is said that the researcher has collected enough data to address the study topic. This is known as data saturation in qualitative research. "The point at which no new themes or information can be found in the data is known as data saturation." ⁷⁸, after the researcher has collected enough information to validate the categories and themes, no fresh information appears to clarify the developing theory.^{79, 80}

Criteria for Determining Data Saturation:

· Primary Criteria:

1. The first criterion is that no new codes or motifs appear.

2. Themes and codes that already exist are regularly validated.

3. Similar information repeats, making data redundant.

· Secondary Criteria:

1. Thematic stability is the second criterion, meaning that themes are the same for all participants

2. Data repetition: Similar experiences, viewpoints, or narratives are expressed.

3. Absence of fresh insights: No original ideas or viewpoints surface.

4. Theoretical category saturation: Every facet of the phenomena is examined. ⁸¹

Strategies to Enhance Data Saturation:

1. Theoretical sampling: Choose participants according to developing ideas or themes that surface over the course of the study.

2. Data triangulation: Make use of several data sources and techniques

3. Member checking: Ask participants to confirm the results.

4. Peer debriefing: Talk over results with coworkers.⁸²

5. Code saturation: the code becomes repetitive and no new code appears.⁸³

6. Thematic stability: topics settle down and don't change.⁸⁴

Challenges and Limitations:

· It might be challenging to reach data saturation, particularly in investigations involving a variety of groups.⁸⁵

· Saturation of data may not always be required or feasible.⁸⁶

Analysing Data for Phenomenological Research:

Data analysis for phenomenological research uses techniques like bracketing, coding, and theme analysis to analyse and comprehend lived experiences. Phenomenological analysis highlights the subtleties and complexity of human experiences by emphasizing subjective interpretation and contextual knowledge, in contrast to quantitative analysis, which depends on statistical methodologies^{46, 56}By emphasizing context and meaning above quantitative data, this method offers a better understanding of the phenomena.

Bracketing:

A phenomenological research method called bracketing entails purposefully putting aside one's prejudices, assumptions, or past understanding of the subject under study, both before and during the inquiry⁸⁷ By doing this, bracketing contributes to the legitimacy and rigor of the process of gathering and analyzing data.⁸⁸

Techniques for Bracketing:

· Writing Memos: Take notes during the research process to consider the researcher's feelings, ideas, and prejudices. This makes it easier for researchers to keep their personal effects in check and keep them apart from the data.⁸⁹

· Interview bracketing: Involve a third party to assist the researcher in identifying their own preconceptions and prejudices. The researcher may become more conscious of their own sensations and ideas with the aid of this other viewpoint.⁹⁰

· Reflexive journal: Throughout their research journey, researchers may utilize a reflective notebook as a tool to explore their own ideas, feelings, and prejudices. This diary should be kept from the start of the study in order to document the researcher's feelings, ideas, and prejudices. This makes it easier for researchers to recognize and put aside their personal biases, which enables them to approach the study with greater objectivity.⁸⁸

Giorgi (1998) advocates: Limiting bracketing to the analysis phase. In his view, bracketing should not take place while interviewing, as engagement with the participant takes precedence over holding preconceptions in abeyance. Glaser (1978, 1992) advocates devel- oping an awareness of preconceptions at the start of the research endeavor.

Fig. no: 01 Shows the integration of bracketing into qualitative Methodology⁹¹

Key Stages of Phenomenological Data Analysis:

The rest of this work uses professional references to show how data may be organized, analysed, and displayed.

Fig no. 02: Shows common steps of phenomenological data analysis

1. Reading and re- reading of interview Transcript: Researchers learn about participants' experiences during data collection, which helps them in focus groups or follow-up interviews. Interviews go on until "saturation" occurs, at which point no new information is revealed. The coding and theming processes start at the same time, taking into account both the things that participants say and don't say.⁹²

2. Transcribing and Checking: Transcribing is a laborious procedure that produces written text for examination from spoken speech. Interview and focus group transcription is advised for inexperienced qualitative researchers. Number the lines of text as you transcribe audio recordings verbatim. Once finished, go over the transcript and the tape to fix any mistakes, remove participant names, add punctuation, add contextual comments (environmental elements), and add notations for non-verbal clues (such as pauses and laughs). This guarantees precise and thorough transcripts for trustworthy analysis.

3. Coding: The next stage is to start coding when all research interviews have been transcribed and verified. Finding patterns, themes, and meanings in participant narratives that the researcher interprets is the process of coding. The researcher can learn more about each participant's viewpoint through this procedure. On a printed transcript, coding can be done by hand by labeling portions, underlining words, or annotating margins.

4. Theming: To present findings in a comprehensible manner in qualitative research, thematic analysis entails grouping relevant codes from transcripts. Through participant statements and researcher analysis, this method enables researchers to organize data into thematic parts. With the use of codes, transcript snippets, and researcher discussion, each subject serves as a framework.

5. Data interpretation: To find trends, themes, and insights into the participants' lived experiences, the researcher must carefully and completely examine the data that has been gathered.^5,67,92,93

Approaches or Methods of Data Analysis In Phenomenological Study:

The Van Kaam method, Colaizzi, and Giorgi are some of the several procedures or data analysis techniques used in phenomenological research. In order to find underlying structures and meanings in phenomenological data, Van Kaam primarily focused on identifying and clustering essential elements. Moustakas modified this approach in 1994, concentrating on horizontalizations, reduction, and thematic clustering to find themes and meanings that were consistent across phenomenological data. In order to assure accuracy and authenticity, Collaizzi also gave certain techniques for data analysis of phenomenological studies. His primary focus was on identifying important statements, creating meanings, and confirming findings through participant feedback. Giorgi emphasized adopting a phenomenological perspective, bracketing, and analysing data as part of his data analysis approach. In order to understand the form and substance of lived experiences, Giorgi emphasized the importance of adopting a phenomenological mindset, bracketing, and analysing meaning units. Table No. 2 provides all of the data analysis stages by Van Kaam, Collaizi, and Giorgi Other data analysis techniques used in phenomenological research include the Hycner 1985 approach, which emphasizes context and researcher reflexivity while bracketing, defining meaning units, and grouping themes to comprehend lived experiences. In contrast, the stages by strategy discussed in this work (Priest 2001) primarily focus on processes like recognizing important statements, creating meanings, and grouping themes to reveal key elements of the lived experience. ⁹⁴

Techniques for Ensuring Data Rigor:

The reliability of the interpretation and portrayal of participants' narratives is one issue with qualitative research. Qualitative research is not dependent on statistical testing for validity and dependability like quantitative research is. However, Lincoln and Guba's work suggests several approaches to increase confidence in the correctness of the results, which they refer to as "trustworthiness." They identify four key criteria for establishing trustworthiness:

The Validity will be assessed by using Guba’s trustworthiness criterion.⁹⁵

Table No.: 06 Guba’s Trustworthiness Criterion

CRITERIA	TECHNIQUE
1. Methods for building credibility.	1. Extended participation. 2. Continuous observation. 3. Use of triangulation. 4. Debriefing among peers. 5. Analyzing negative cases. 6. Appropriate reference. 7. Verifying the members
2. Methods for proving transferability.	8 Thick description.
3. Methods for establishing dependability.	9. Inquiry audit.
4. Methods for proving confirmability.	10. Audit of confirmability 11. Audit trace. 12. Using triangulation 13. Reflexivity.

CONCLUSION:

A qualitative research method that investigates people's life experiences and meanings is phenomenology. Through in-depth interviews, written descriptions, and observations, researchers can examine phenomena using a variety of phenomenological study styles. However, there are issues with data gathering in phenomenology, such protecting participant confidentiality and preventing researcher bias. Researchers must gather and examine data until no new patterns or insights are revealed in order to reach data saturation. Researchers must put aside their preconceptions and prejudices in order to perform bracketing, a data analysis technique used in phenomenological investigations. A number of data analysis methodologies, such as Colaizzi's, Van Manen's, and Moustakas', provide systematic procedures for data analysis. Researchers can use Guba's trustworthiness criterion to guarantee rigor in data analysis. Finally, by carefully evaluating data collection, analysis, and rigor, researchers may provide high-quality findings that advance our knowledge of the phenomena being studied. Phenomenological research provides a comprehensive and complex understanding of human experiences.

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Received on 19.04.2025 Revised on 30.05.2025

Accepted on 05.07.2025 Published on 16.08.2025

Available online from August 25, 2025

Int. J. Nursing Education and Research. 2025;13(3):193-200.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2025.00040

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