INTRODUCTION:

Menstruation is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. Menstruation is triggered by falling progesterone level and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. Menstruation starting as young as 8 years would still be considered normal. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days, with the average being 28 days.

Menstrual hygiene refers to assess to menstrual hygiene products to absorb or collect the flow of blood during menstruation, privacy to change the materials and assess to facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials. Menstrual hygiene management can be particularly challenging for girls and women in developing countries, where clean water and toilet facilities are often inadequate.WHO calls for menstrual health to be recognized, framed and addressed as a health and human right issue, not a hygiene issue. WHO calls for three action, Firstly to recognize and frame menstruation as a health issue, a health issue with physical, psychological, and social dimensions and one that needs to be addressed in the perspective of the life course. Secondly, to recognize that menstrual health means that women, girls and often other people who menstruate have access to information and education about it; to the menstrual product they need; water, sanitation and disposal facilities, to competent and empathetic care when needed; to live, study and work in an environment in which menstruation is seen as positive and healthy not something to be ashamed of and to fully participate in work and social activities. Thirdly to ensure that the activities are included in the relevant sectoral work plan and budgets and their performances is measured. Menstrual cup is a menstrual device which is inserted into the vagina during menstruation. It’s purpose is to collect menstrual fluids. Menstrual cup are usually made of flexible medical grade silicon, latex or a thermoplastic isomer. They are shaped like a bell with a stem or ring. Menstrual cup collect menstrual fluid unlike tampon and menstrual pad which absorb the fluid instead.

Among the whole population of Kerala,10%are adolescent girls and they mainly reside in rural areas. So they do not have much knowledge about the menstrual hygiene products and the rate of vaginal infections are also increasing there. So, it is very important to educate the adolescent girls regarding the use of menstrual cup.

OBJECTIVES:

· To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls.

· To find out the association between the knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variable among adolescent girl.

· To find out the association between the knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variable among adolescent girls.

HYPOTHESIS:

H1: The mean post test knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup is significantly higher than the mean pre test knowledge score among adolescent girls.

H2: There is a significant association between the knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variables among adolescent girls

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

A Quantitative approach was developed to evaluate the effectiveness on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls of selected high school at Kollam district. The independent variable of the study was Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup. The dependent variable was knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls in a selected high school at Kollam district. The data collection done from st. Joseph’s Ghss, Kollam.

RESULT:

SECTION 1: Description of demographic variables

Table 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to age.

Age	Frequency	Percentage
10-12 years	0	0
13-15 years	50	100%
16-18 years	0	0

Table 1. Shows that 100% (50) of adolescent girls belongs to 13–15-year age.

Figure 1: the bar diagram shows frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to religion.

Figure 1. Diagram shows that 82% (41) of sample belongs to Christian, 16% (8) of samples belongs to Muslim and 2% (1) sample belongs to Hindu. FIGURE 2. The graph shows that frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to type of family.

Figure 2. The graph shows that frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to type of family.

Figure 2. Diagram shows that 82% (41) samples belongs to nuclear family, 16% (8) of samples belongs to joint family and 2% (1) of samples belongs to extended family.

Figure 3. The Bar Diagram shows frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to the area of residence.

Figure 3. Diagram shows that 64% (32) of samples belongs to rural area and 36% (18) of samples belongs to urban area.

Table 2. Frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girl’s parents with reference to the monthly income.

(n=50)

Monthly income	Frequency	Percentage
Rs 5000/- - rs 10000/-	7	14%
Rs 10001/- -rs 15000/-	35	70%
Rs 15001/- - rs 20000/-	8	16%

Table 2. shows that 14% (7) of sample’s parents have monthly income of RS 5000/- -RS 10000/-, 70% (35) of sample’s parents have RS 10001/- - RS 15000/- and 16% (8) of sample’s parents have RS 15001/- - RS 20000/-

Figure 4. The diagram shows frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to regularity of menstrual cycle.

Figure 4. Diagram shows that 92% (46) of samples have regular menstrual cycle and 8% (4) of samples have irregular menstrual cycle.

Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Adolescent Girls with Reference to Duration of Menstruation.

Duration	Frequency	Percentage
1-2 days	4	8%
3-4 days	25	50%
5-6 days	10	20%
>7 days	11	22%

Table 3. shows that 8% (4) of samples have 1 -2 days of menstruation, 50% (25) of samples have 3 – 4 days of menstruation, 20% (10) of samples have 5 -6 days of menstruation and 22% (11) of samples have greater than 7 days.

Figure 5. The diagram shows frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to premenstrual symptoms. (n=50)

Figure 5. Diagram shows that 28% (14) of samples have premenstrual symptoms and 72% (36) of samples have no premenstrual symptoms.

Figure 6. The diagram shows frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to gynaecological symptoms. (n=50)

Figure 6. Diagram shows that 18% (9) of samples have gynaecological symptoms and 82% (41) of samples have no gynaecological symptoms.

Table 4. Frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent girls with reference to previous knowledge. (n=50)

Previous knowledge	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	39	78%
No	11	22%

Table 4. shows that 78% (39) of samples have previous knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and 22% (11) of samples have no previous knowledge.

Section 2: assessment of knowledge scores of adolescent girls.

Table 5. Frequency distribution and percentage of adolescent girls with reference to pre test and post test knowledge score.

Level of knowledge			Pre- test		Post- test
	Frequency	Percentage		Frequency		Percentage
Adequate (14-20)	4	8%		45		90%
Moderate (7-13)	26%	52%		4		8%
Inadequate (0-6)	20	40%		1		2%

The table shows that among50 adolescent girls, during pretest 8% (4) had adequate knowledge ,52% (26) had moderate knowledge and 40% (20) had inadequate knowledge where as in post test 90% (45) had adequate knowledge, 8% (4) had moderate knowledge and 2% (1) had inadequate knowledge.

Section 3. Effectiveness of planned teaching programme.

Table 6. Mean, sd, df and t value to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme. (n=50)

Score	Mean	Sd	Df	P value	T value
Pre test	7.68	3.27	49
				3.28	10.86
Post test	16.66	1.36	49

Significance at 0.05.

Data on Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls at selected high school of Kollam district, analyzed by mean, standard deviation, t test, chi square test, p value.

Table 6 shows that the mean post test knowledge score is 16.66 of adolescent girls regarding the use of menstrual cup higher than pre test knowledge score 7.68. Here the p value is p <0.05 So there is significant in the p value. It was inferred that planned teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup. Hence it reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the research hypothesis (H₁).

Table 7. Association of knowledge with age, religion, type of family, area of residence, monthly income, regularity of menstrual cycle, duration of menstruation, pre menstrual symptoms, gynaecological symptoms and previous knowledge.

Demographic
Variables	Inadequate	Moderate	Adequate	Total	Chi square	T value
Age
10-12 year	0	0	0	0
13-15 year	20	26	4	50	0	9.49
16-18 year	0	0	0	0
Total	20	26	4	50
Religion
Christian	18	27	6	41
Muslim	3	1	4	8	18.35	9.49
Hindu	0	0	1	1
Total	21	28	1	50
Types of family
Nuclear	8	28	5	41
Joint	2	2	4	8	16.02	9.49
Extended	0	0	1	1
Total	10	30	10	50
Area of residence
Rural	12	13	7	32
Urban	8	6	4	18	0.28	5.56
Total	20	16	11	50
Regularity of menstrual cycle
Yes	11	29	6	46
No	0	4	0	4	2.22	5.99
Total	11	33	6	50
Duration of menstrual cycle
1-2 days	1	2	1	4
3-4 days	4	18	3	25	0.941	12.59
5-6 days	3	6	1	10
>7 days	3	7	1	11
Total	11	33	6	50
Pre-menstrual symptoms
Yes	6	6	2	14
No	11	20	5	36	2.89	5.99
Total	17	26	7	50
Gynaecological symptoms
Yes	17	21	3	41
No	4	3	2	9	2.11	5.99
Total	21	24	5	50

Table 7 shows that there was a significant association between pretest knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variables (religion), (types of family) among adolescent girls are significant at0.05 level of significance. Thus it concluded that there is association between pretest score of knowledge among adolescent girls regarding use of menstrual cup with religion and types of family. Hence the research hypothesis (H₂₎ was accepted.

DISCUSSION:

The present study involved a sample of 50 adolescent girls, the mean post test knowledge score is 16.66 of adolescent girls regarding the use of menstrual cup higher than pre test knowledge score 7.68. Here the p value is p <0.05 So there is significant in the p value. It was inferred that planned teaching program was effective in improving knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup. Hence it reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the research hypothesis (H1). The above findings were supported by a descriptive study conducted by Priya Mary Stella (2022) to assess the knowledge regarding menstrual cup among student nurses in a selected college of Kollam. The sample consisted of 40 nursing students who were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by self administered questionnaire. Data analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows that knowledge level regarding menstrual cup, 7.5% had excellent knowledge 47.5%had adequateknowledge,40 % had moderately adequate knowledge, 5% had inadequate knowledge Hence study result concluded that the menstrual cup can replace other methods of menstruation.

The association between pretest knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variables(religion), (types of family) among adolescent girls are significant at0.05 level of significance .Thus it concluded that there is association between pretest score of knowledge among adolescent girls regarding use of menstrual cup with religion and types of family. Hence the research hypothesis (H2) was accepted.

A descriptive study conducted by C R Kakani (2017) to study adaptability and efficacy of menstrual cup in managing menstrual health and hygiene in Gujarat. A total of 158participants aged between 20 - 50 years were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analyzed by frequency distribution tables. The study result shows that insertion was easy for 80% of participants,90% participants found removal easy and 3 - 6 % had problem of leakage. Hence the study result concluded that menstrual cup has no significant health risk and is acceptable to many women.

SUMMARY:

The present study was done to evaluate the Effectiveness of Planned teaching program on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls in a selected high school at Kollam district. To assess the knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge regarding use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls in a selected socio-demographic variables. The hypothesis is level of significance, tested at 0.05 the mean post test knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup is significantly higher than the mean pre test knowledge score among adolescent girls. There is a significant association between knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup in a selected demographic variable. The review of literature was done again more empirical evidence and to develop with the conceptual frame work. The conceptual frame work of the study was Ludwig Von Bertalanffy general system theory is an interdisciplinary practice that displayed system with interactive component applicable to biology and other field.

A quantitative approach with quasi experimental design used (one group pre test and post test) only design was used for the present study. The sample selected by random sampling technique. The study conducted at ST Joseph’s GHSS Kollam, under taken to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup. The sample selected by random sampling technique. The tool consist of socio demographic variable. The selected demographic variable are age, religion, type of family, area of residence, monthly income, regularity of menstrual cycle, duration of menstruation, pre menstrual symptoms, gynaecological symptoms and previous knowledge. Tool 2 consist of the structured knowledge questionnaire. A pilot study conducted on 5-12-2023 and study was found feasible. Main study conducted on 7-12-2023 at St Joseph GHS, Kollam. Pre test score of knowledge regarding menstrual cup was assessed. After planned teaching program, the post test was assessed. The mean post test knowledge score is 16.66 of adolescent girls regarding the use of menstrual cup higher than pre test knowledge score 7.68. Here the p value is p <0.05 So there is significant in the p value. It was inferred that planned teaching program was effective in improving knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup Hence it reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the research hypothesis (H1). The mean post test knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup is significantly higher than the mean pre test knowledge score among adolescent girls. There is a significant association between knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup in a selected demographic variable.

The association between pretest knowledge score regarding the use of menstrual cup and selected demographic variables(religion), (types of family) among adolescent girls are significant at0.05 level of significance. Hence the research hypothesis (H2) was accepted. The study result showed statistically significant improvement in knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup that there was a significant association between knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and religion (χ2 = 18.35) there was a association between knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and of family (χ2 = 16.02) . Null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and research hypothesis accepted (H2).

CONCLUSION:

Based on the findings of the study following conclusion were drawn, the mean post test knowledge score is 16.66 of adolescent girls regarding the use of menstrual cup higher than pre test knowledge score 7.68. Here the p value is p <0.05 so there is significant in the p value. It was inferred that planned teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup. Hence it reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the research hypothesis (H1). There is an association between the knowledge regarding the use of menstrual cup and religion, types of familyamong adolescent girls. Hence the study concluded that knowledge regarding use of menstrual cup among adolescent girls could be improved by planned teaching programme. The present study reveal that there is a significant association between knowledge regarding use of menstrual cup and socio demographic variables. The result reveals that there is an increase in the post test score after the Planned Teaching Programme. The calculated t test value is greater than table value at 0.05 level significance.

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Received on 21.07.2024 Revised on 06.01.2025

Accepted on 03.04.2025 Published on 17.05.2025

Available online from May 20, 2025

Int. J. Nursing Education and Research. 2025;13(2):81-87.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2025.00017

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