INTRODUCTION:

The term ‘Polycystic Ovarian disease (PCOD)’ was first coined by Irving Stein and Michel Leventhal as the Trinity of 'Amenorrhoea', 'Obesity' and 'Hirsutism' in 1935 when they observed a link between obesity and reproductive defects¹.

Hence, it is also known as 'Stein- Leventhal disease' or 'Hyper androgenic anovulation’. Moreover, it is also the most common endocrine ovarian disorder in about 2-8 per cent of women of reproductive age. Now- a-days, it is also called 'disease O' means over nourishment, overproduction of insulin, ovarian dysfunction and ovulatory rupture. Polycystic Ovary disease (PCOD) is a collection of symptoms owing to high androgens for women. A major factor in the risk of polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) is its family history. A family history of diabetes may also increase the risk of PCOD due to potency the relationship between diabetes and PCOD².

Signs and Symptoms of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excessive hair on the body and face, acne pelvic pain, pregnancy difficulties and patches of thick darker, velvety skin. Associated conditions include type-2 diabetes, obesity, insomnia, heart disease, mood disorders, endometrial cancer, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and infertility³. Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) cannot be prevented. But the early diagnosis and treatment helps prevent long-term complications, such as infertility, metabolic disease, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Gynaecological problems of reproductive age group occupy a special space in the spectrum of Gynaecological disorders of all ages⁴. There is no cure for PCOD, but by controlling it can reduce the risk of infertility, miscarriage, diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Current lifestyle, food habits, exposure to toxins and inherited tendency to metabolic disorders such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and high blood pressure and hypertension have contributed to a common problem faced by today’s female population⁵.

NEED FOR STUDY:

In India 35 per cent of adolescents girls are suffering from PCOD. It is mainly due to the life style changes There are two main reasons for the increase of PCOD diagnoses in Indian women, the adoption of unhealthy eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Whereas older generations of Indian women eat traditional, lower calorie foods with less sugar.Many young Indian girls today eat a steady diet of junk food. Within the past two decades, India began relying on Westernized diets and lifestyle. It is predicted that they may see up to a six-fold increase in obesity prevalence in the next ten years especially for India who already has the highest rates of diabetes in the world⁶.

Many research has proved that PCOD predisposes the women including adolescent girls to additional health problems.10 Most studies showed that polycystic ovaries are present in 3-7 per cent of women worldwide. Overweight and obesity are common findings in polycystic ovary disease (PCOD). In the short term, weight reduction improves both metabolic and endocrine aspects of PCOD as well as clinical markers such as ovulation⁷. Lifestyle modification with modest weight loss goals of 5-10 per cent appear to be equally effective in restoring fertility and may be more compatible with long-term success. The investigator is motivated to help them by conducting a structured teaching program regarding polycystic ovarian disease among students.The diverse and complex female endocrine disorder polycystic ovary disease (PCOD)⁸, which affects 1 in 15 women around the world, is a major economic health burden that is likely to expand together with obesity. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI 30 kg/m2) is significantly contributing to the overall burden of PCOD worldwide⁹. The age of women and their respective percentage around the world have been dovetailed in the Table 1

Table 1 Age of women and their respective percentage around the world

Sl. No.	Age Group(Years)	Percentage of Women
1	< 19	3.80
2	20 - 29	16.80
3	30 – 34	11.58
4	45 - 49	1.40
5	> 60	0.50

OBJECTIVES:

1. To assess the level of knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian disease among college girls.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding polycystic ovarian diseases among college girls.

3. To associate the post-test level of knowledge with selected demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

Assess:

Evaluate the level of knowledge among students regarding polycystic ovarian disease after structured teaching programme.

Effectiveness:

In this study it refers to the gain of knowledge during post test regarding polycystic ovarian disease.

Structured teaching program:

Systematically Organized teaching designed for girls to provide information regarding polycystic ovarian disease.

Polycystic Ovarian Disease:

PCOD is a hormonal disorder which causes enlarged ovaries with cysts on the outer edges.

College Girls:

It refers to the students of 18 to 22 years in Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at A. Rangampet.

VARIABLES:

Independent Variable: Effectiveness of structured teaching program.

Dependent Variable : Knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian disease.

Background variables: Age, Religion, Gender, Type of diet, Age at menarche, BMI, Locality, Family income, Type of family, Education of mother, Education of father.

METODOLOGY:

A quantitative research approach has been harnessed for assessing the knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian disease among college girls. Quasi experimental (One group Pre-Test and Post-Test) design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted in Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering college girls at A.Rangampeta, Tirupathi. The sample size consists of 70 college girls of age between 18 and 22 years. The samples were selected by simple random sampling technique by using inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured questionnaire with 30 multiple choice questions was developed for assessing the knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian disease.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Analysis and interpretation were done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics to meet the objectives of the study.

Demographic characteristics of samples:

The demographic characteristics of the college students were presented in the Table 1.

Table 2 Frequency and percentage distribution of college students according to demographic data

Sl. No.	Demographic Variables	Description	Frequency	Percent-age
1	Age	18 Years	66	94.3%
		19 Years	2	2.9%
		20 Years	2	2.9%
2	Religion	Hindu	63	90.0%
		Muslim	3	4.3%
		Christian	4	5.7%
3	Area	Rural	53	75.7%
3	Area	Urban	17	24.3%
4	Family Income	Below Rs.10000	19	27.1%
		Rs 10001 - Rs 15000	17	24.3%
		Rs 15001 - Rs 20000	17	24.3%
		Rs 20000 & Above	17	24.3%
5	Type of Family	Nuclear	59	84.3%
		Joint	10	14.3%
		Extended	1	1.4%
6	Mother Education	Non Formal Education	12	17.1%
		Primary Education	17	24.3%
		Secondary Education	17	24.3%
		Intermediate	12	17.1%
		Degree & Above	12	17.1%
7	Father Education	Non Formal Education	11	15.7%
		Primary Education	12	17.1%
		Secondary Education	13	18.6%
		Intermediate	15	21.4%
		Degree & Above	19	27.1%
8	Knowledge on PCOD	Yes	22	31.4%
8	Knowledge on PCOD	No	48	68.6%

The table 2 portrays that 66 college girls (94.3 %) are at the age of 18 years, 63 college girls (90 %) are Hindus,

53 college girls (75.7 %) are ruralites, at the age of 18 years, 19 college girls (27.1 %) have the family income of < Rs.10, 000/-, mother education of 17 college girls (24.3 %) each is primary and secondary level and the father education of 19 college girls (27.1 %) is degree and above. By and large, majority of the college students (68.6 %) have no knowledge on PCOD.

Knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease during pre-test:

The information on the frequency, percentage distribution of mean and standard deviation on knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls in pre-test is furnished in the Table 2.

Table 2 Frequency, percentage distribution of mean, standard deviation on knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls in pre-test

Sl. No.	Pre-test Knowledge on PCOD	Frequency	Percentage	Mean	SD
1	Low Level	14	20.0	1.80	0.403
2	Moderate Level	56	80.0
3	High Level	0	0.00
Total		70	100.00

The table explicitly presents that out of 70 college girls, 14 college girls (20.0%) had low level of knowledge and 56 college girls (80.0%) had moderate level of knowledge. But no college girl had high level of knowledge. Moreover the table reveals that in the pre-test, the mean score was 1.80 with standard deviation of 0.403. It is concluded that in pret-test majority of the college girls had moderate level of knowledge on on PCOD.

Knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease during Post-test:

The information on the frequency, percentage distribution of mean and standard deviation on knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls in post-test is furnished in the Table 3.

Table 3 Frequency, percentage distribution of mean, standard deviation on knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls in post-test

Sl. No.	Post-test Knowledge on PCOD	Frequency	Percentage	Mean	SD
1	Low Level	0	0.0	2.53	0.503
2	Moderate Level	33	47.1
3	High Level	37	52.9
Total		70	100.00

The table 3 portrays that out of 70 college girls, 37 college girls (52.9%) had high level of knowledge and 33 college girls (47.1%) had moderate level of knowledge. But, on the contrary no college girl (0.0%) had low level of knowledge. This table reveals that in the post-test, the mean score was 2.53 with standard deviation of 0.503. It is concluded that all the college girls (100 %) in the post-test have appreciable level of knowledge on PCOD.

Comparison of pre and post-test knowledge on PCOD:

The comparison on the frequency, percentage distribution of mean and standard deviation on knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls between pre and post-test has been made and the details are dovetailed in the Table 4.

Table 4 Comparison of pre-test and post-test mean score, standard deviation, along with standard edition, mean difference and t-value

Test

Mean ± S.D

S.E

Mean Difference

Table value

(p-value)

Pre-test

13.74± 3.399

0.406

7.043

13.850

0.000

Post-test

20.79± 4.075

0.487

The table 4 reveals that in the pre-test, the mean score was 13.74 with standard deviation 3.399 and the standard error of 0.406. In the post test, the mean score was 20.79 with standard deviation 4.075 and standard error of 0.487. The mean difference between pre and post-test is 7.043. The calculated table value was 13.850 and found statistically significant at 0.01 level. This shows that there is a significant difference between pre and post-test level of knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease.

Chi-Square Analysis on level of knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease:

The Chi-Square Analysis was computed for finding out an Association of post-test level of knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls along with their selected background variables and the results are furnished in the Table 5.

Table 5 Association of post-test level of knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease among college girls along with their selected background variables

Demographic variables		Level of knowledge		Df	Chi-Square (p-value)	Level of Significance
		Moderate	High
		F	F
Age	18 Years	29	37	2	@ χ2 = 4.757 (p = 0.008)	Not Significant
	19 Years	2	0
	20 Years	2	0
Religion	Hindu	26	37	2	* χ2 = 8.721 (p = 0.013)	Significant At 0.05 level
	Muslim	3	0
	Christian	4	0
Area	Rural	29	24	1	* χ2 = 5.024 (p = 0.025)	Significant at 0.05 level
Area	Urban	4	13	1	* χ2 = 5.024 (p = 0.025)	Significant at 0.05 level
Family Income	Below Rs.10000	7	12	3	* χ2 = 10.710 (p = 0.013)	Significant at 0.05 level
	Rs.10001 - Rs 15000	13	4
	Rs 15001 - Rs 20000	9	8
	Rs 20000 & Above	4	13
Type of Family	Nuclear	24	35	2	* χ2 = 6.443 (p = 0.039)	Significant at 0.05 level
	Joint	8	2
	Extended	1	0
Mother Education	Non Formal Education	2	10	4	* χ2 = 12.676 (p = 0.013)	Significant at 0.05 level
	Primary Education	11	6
	Secondary Education	8	9
	Intermediate	3	9
	Degree & Above	9	3
Father Education	Non Formal Education	2	9	4	*χ2 = 11.519 (p = 0.021)	Significant at 0.05 level
	Primary Education	8	4
	Secondary Education	6	7
	Intermediate	4	11
	Degree & Above	13	6
Know about PCOD	Yes	9	13	1	@ χ2 = 0.500 (p = 0.479)	Not Significant
	No	24	24
	Total	33	37
Source of Information	Relatives	2	6	3	@ χ2 = 2.695 (p = 0.441)	Not Significant
	Friends	4	2
	Mass Media	2	4
	Books & Printed Materials	1	1

@- Not significant, * Significant at 0.05 level

The Table 5 presents that the Chi-square value is significant at 5 per cent level on the demographic variables of religion, area, family income, type of family, mother education and father education. Thus, there is substantial association between the demographic variables of religion, area, family income, type of family, mother education and father education and the level of knowledge of college girls on polycystic ovarian disease. On the contrary, the Chi-square value is insignificant on the demographic variables of age, know about PCOD and source of information and hence it can be inferred that demographic variables of religion, area, family income, type of family, mother education and father education influenced the knowledge of college girls on polycystic ovarian disease while age, know about PCOD and source of information did not influence the knowledge of college girls on polycystic ovarian disease.

CONCLUSION:

Polycystic Ovarian Disease is reported to be a growing problem in college girls. It can be very difficult to diagnose polycystic ovarian disease in teenage girls as they often experience irregular or absent menses and acne.a study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian disease among college girls. The results reveal that 66 college girls (94.3 %) are at the age of 18 years, 63 college girls (90 %) are Hindus, 53 college girls (75.7 %) are ruralites, at the age of 18 years, 19 college girls (27.1 %) have the family income of < Rs.10, 000/-, mother education of 17 college girls (24.3 %) each is primary and secondary level and the father education of 19 college girls (27.1 %) is degree and above. By and large, majority of the college students (68.6 %) have no knowledge on PCOD. All the college girls (100 %) in the post-test have appreciable level of knowledge on PCOD. In pre-test majority of the college girls had moderate level of knowledge on on PCOD and in post-test majority of the college girls had moderate level of knowledge on on PCOD. There is a significant difference between pre and post-test level of knowledge on polycystic ovarian disease. The demographic variables of religion, area, family income, type of family, mother education and father education influenced the knowledge of college girls on polycystic ovarian disease while age, know about PCOD and source of information did not influence the knowledge of college girls on polycystic ovarian disease

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Received on 27.11.2022 Modified on 31.12.2022

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2023; 11(2):175-179.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2023.00040